1. 수동태의 형식
수동태- 주어가 동작을 받는 형식의 문장
(1) 수동태를 만드는 법 : be + 과거분사 + by
① 능동태의 목적어를 주격으로 바꾸어 수동태의 주어로 한다.
ex) I visited him. (3형식)
→ He was visited by me. (1형식)
② 능동태의 동사를 be + 과거분사 형태로 바꾼다.
be 동사는 수동태의 주어의 인칭 및 수에 따라서 바뀌고,
시제는 능동태의 시제와 일치시킨다.
ex) He writes a book. → A book is written by him.
③ 능동태의 주어를 수동태에서 목적격으로 고쳐서 by뒤에 둔다.
ex) His parents love him. → He is loved by his parents.
(2) by∼(행위자)를 생략하는 경우
① 능동태의 주어가 일반인을 나타내는 We, You, They, One, People일 때
by us you, them, one, people를 생략
ex) They speak French in France. → French is spoken in France (by them).
We see stars at night. → Stars are seen (by us) at night.
One should keep one's word. → One's word should be kept (by one).
② 능동태의 주어가 불분명하거나, 행위자를 나타낼 필요가 없는 경우 by-생략.
ex) They were killed in the war in 1950.
That house was built twenty years ago.
2. 수동태의 시제
(1) A letter is written by him. → He writes a letter.
(2) A letter was written by him. → He wrote a letter.
(3) A letter will be written by him. → He will write a letter.
(4) A letter has been written by him. → He has written a letter.
(5) A letter had been written by him. → He had written a letter.
(6) A letter will have been written by him. → He will have written a letter.
(7) A letter is being written by him. → He is writing a letter.
(8) A letter was being written by him. → He was writing a letter.
미래, 완료, 진행, 조동사의 수동태 표현.
ex 1) I shall write the letter. → The letter will be written by me.
2) I will pay the money. → The money shall be paid by me.
3) I have written the letter. → The letter has been written by me.
4) I had seen the sight. → The sight had been seen by me.
5) I am writing the letter. → The letter is being written by me.
6) He was doing it. → It was being done by him.
7) You must write the letter. → The letter must be written by you.
8) You ought to finish the work. → The work ought to be finished by you.
9) He seated himself on the bench. → He was seated on the bench.
10) She dressed herself for supper. → She was dressed for supper.
⇒ 재귀대명사를 목적어로 갖는 능동태 문장(9, 10)은 동작을 나타내며,
이것이 수동태로 되면 상태를 나타냄.
3. 주의해야 할 수동태
(1) 제4형식의 수동태
간접목적어와 직접목적어를 주어로 하는 두 개의 수동태가 가능.
3형식 문장이 됨.
ex) He gave me a watch. → A watch was given (to) me by him
I was given a watch by him.
※ 제 4형식의 동사 중에서 buy, make, write, send, pass등은 수동태가 하나이다.
ex 1) I wrote him a letter.
→ A letter was written (to) him by me.
2) Father bought me a camera.
→ A camera was bought (for) me by father.
수동태의 간접목적어가 보류목적어가 될 때 쓰이는 전치사
to ⇒ send, tell, lend, give 등
for ⇒ buy, make 등
of ⇒ ask, require, inquire 등.
ex 1) He sent me the present.
→ The present was sent to me by him.
2) He bought me the doll.
→ The doll was bought for me by him.
3) He asked me the question.
→ The question was asked of me by him.
직접목적어만을 주어로 취하는 동사
⇒ buy, make, write, send, pass, bring, get 등
ex 1) She wrote him a letter.
→ A letter was written to him by her. (○)
→ He was written a letter by her. (×)
간접목적어만을 주어로 취하는 동사
⇒ envy, kiss, answer, save, refuse, strike, call 등.
ex 1) They envied him his luck.
→ He was envied his luck by them. (○)
→ His luck was envied him by them. (×)
(2) 제5형식의 수동태 - 2형식으로 변한다.
ex) We call him John.
→ He is called John (by us).
(3) 보어가 원형부정사인 수동태 (5형식에서...)
지각동사 및 사역동사 다음의 원형부정사는 수동태에서는
to부정사로 된다.
ex 1) We saw him break the window.
→ He was seen to break the window by us.
4) He made me go there.
→ I was made to go there.
He allowed me to go to the movies.
→ I was allowed to go to the movies by him.
(4) 조동사가 있는 경우- 조동사 + be + 과거분사
ex) He can solve the problem.
→ The problem can be solved by him.
I did not write the letter.
→ The letter was not written by me.
do (does, did)는 수동태에 따라가지 않는다.
(5) 자동사 + 전치사(숙어)의 수동태- 한 단어처럼 취급
ex) The car run over a boy.
→ A boy was run over by the car.
합성동사의 수동태
1. 자동사 + 전치사 = 타동사구 (동사에 강세)
ex 1) He laughed at me.
→ I was laughed at by him.
3) I will send for the doctor.
→ The doctor shall be sent for by me.
2. 타동사 + 목적어 + 전치사 = 타동사구
ex )
1) She takes good care of the baby.
→ The baby is taken good care of by her.
2) They made fun of him.
→ He was made fun of by them.
3. 동사 + 부사 + 전치사 = 타동사구 (부사에 강세)
ex )
1) I looked up to him.
→ He was looked up to by me.
2) They speak well of him.
→ He is well spoken of by them.
(6) 의문문의 수동태
의문사가 주어인 경우 by + 의문사가 문두에 온다.
ex) Who made the box?
→ By whom was the box made?
When did he make the box?
→ When was the box made by him?
의문문 . 명령문의 수동태
1. 의문문의 수동태
ex)
1) Did you find the book? (의문문 능동태)
→ 평서문으로 : You found the book.
→ 수동태로 : The book was found by you.
→ 의문문으로 : Was the book found by you? (의문문 수동태)
2) Who wrote the book?
→ 평서문으로 : Who wrote the book. (문장 성립 안됨)
→ 수동태로 : The book was written by whom. (문장 성립 안됨)
→ 의문문으로 : By whom was the book written. (의문문 수동태)
2. 명령문의 수동태
ex )
1) Do it at once. (원형동사 + 목적어)
→ Let it be done at once. (Let + 목적어 + be + p.p)
2) Don't forget it. (Don't + 원형동사 + 목적어)
→ Don't let it be forgotten. (Don't + let + 목적어 + be + p.p)
→ Let it not be forgotten. (Let + 목적어 + not + be + p.p)
(7) 수동태의 관용적 표현 (관용적으로 by 이외의 전치사를 사용하는 경우)
ex) The news surprised them.
→ They were surprised at the news.
I was pleased with the gift.
= I was pleased to receive the gift.
We are satisfied with the result.
Is he much interested in music?
The doctor is known to everybody.
I am tired with walking.
I am tired of eggs.
I was born on August 2nd, 1945.
수동태가 주로 사용될 때
1. 행위자가 분명하지 않거나 수동태 주어에 관심이 클 때
ex 1) He was elected president again.
2. 종사 . 위치 . 피해 . 사망 . 출생
ex )
1) He is absorbed in writing his business.
2) He was born in 1965.
3. 감정 . 심리 상태를 나타내는 경우
ex )
1) He was delighted to hear the news.
2) I was pleased with his work.
3) He is ashamed of what he did.
태의 여러 가지 용법
1. 수동태가 될 수 없는 동사 ⇒ resemble, cost, escape, become 등.
ex 1) He resembles his mother.
→ His mother is resembled by him. (×)
→ He is resembling his mother. (×)
2) This dress become her well.
3) He escaped death.
2. 목적어가 명사절인 수동태
⇒ that절의 동사의 시제가 주절의 동사의 시제와 같은 때는 단순부정사를,
that절의 동사의 시제가 주절의 동사의 시제보다 하나 더 과거일 때는
완료부정사를 사용한다.
ex 1) They say that he is rich.
→ That he is rich is said (by them)
→ It is said (by them) that he is rich.
2) I believe that to be rich.
→ It is believed by me that he was rich.
→ He is believed to have been rich by me.
3) I believed that he was rich.
→ It was believed by me that he was rich.
→ He was believed to be rich by me.
3. 부정문 수동태
no ⇔ not + any, nobody ⇔ not + anybody
never ⇔ not + ever nothing ⇔ not + anything으로 분해하여 수동태로 만듦.
ex 1) Nobody believes that he was rich.
→ It is believed by nobody that he was rich. (×)
→ It is not believed by anybody that he was rich. (○)
→ He is believed to have been rich by nobody. (×)
→ He is not believed to have been rich by anybody. (○)
능동태가 수동의 의미를 나타낼 때
ex)
1) This novel sells well.
2) The book reads well.
3) The book is printing. (= is being printed)
4) You are to blame. (= to be blamed |
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